{"id":340,"date":"2021-01-16T22:33:19","date_gmt":"2021-01-16T19:33:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mustafasevdim.com\/?p=340"},"modified":"2022-12-28T00:32:15","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T21:32:15","slug":"camera-obscura","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mustafasevdim.com\/index.php\/camera-obscura\/","title":{"rendered":"Camera Obscura"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tarihte ilk kez Alman matematik\u00e7i ve astronom Johannes Kepler taraf\u0131ndan 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terim \u201cCamera Obscura\u201d<\/em><\/strong> foto\u011fraf ve kameran\u0131n icad\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bulu\u015flardan biridir. Latincede karanl\u0131k oda anlam\u0131na gelen Camera obscura bir kutu ve onun bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir delikten olu\u015fur. Delikten ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131k kutunun i\u00e7erisindeki y\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015fer ve yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n perspektifini ve renklerini oldu\u011fu gibi ancak ters d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f (180 derece, ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Camera obscura (karanl\u0131k kutu) ya da i\u011fne deli\u011fi (\u0130ngilizce pinhole) foto\u011fraf tekni\u011fini olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Paleolitik ma\u011fara resimleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Camera obscura etkilerinin paleolitik ma\u011fara resimlerine ilham verdi\u011fine dair teoriler vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok paleolitik ma\u011fara duvarlar\u0131nda bulunan hayvan fig\u00fcrlerindeki \u00e7arp\u0131kl\u0131klardan bu sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. Bug\u00fcn ula\u015fabildi\u011fimiz en eski ifade Mohizmin de kurucusu \u00c7inli filozof Mozi\u2019ye aittir. O \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011frusal \u00e7izgiler halinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve karanl\u0131k odada g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yunan filozof Aristo \u00e7\u0131nar a\u011fac\u0131 yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fclen \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemi\u015f \u201cyapraklar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan s\u00fcz\u00fclen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde dairesel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar olu\u015fturur \u201cdemi\u015ftir. Yine Yunanl\u0131 matematik\u00e7i \u00d6klid \u201coptik\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n optiklerden d\u00fcz bir \u00e7izgi halinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahseder.  Al-Kindi, Theon ve Aristo i\u011fne deli\u011finden ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131k huzmesinin etkilerini a\u00e7\u0131klarken, ilk a\u00e7\u0131k tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 Ibn al-Haytham yapm\u0131\u015f ve Camera obscura ve i\u011fne deli\u011fi kameray\u0131 icat etmi\u015ftir. Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Kindi, Theon ve Aristo\u2019dan farkl\u0131 olarak kutunun i\u00e7ine yans\u0131yan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u011fne deli\u011finin arkas\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir. Sonu\u00e7ta, o birka\u00e7 \u0131\u015f\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerle d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki t\u00fcm objeleri i\u00e7erideki perdeye yans\u0131tmay\u0131 ba\u015faran ilk ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131k tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 \u0130bn el-Haytham yapt\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Shen Kuo, eski \u00c7in Monistlerinin M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gibi i\u011fne deli\u011fi kameras\u0131 ve yanan ayna ile deneyler yapt\u0131. Shen optik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn ters \u00e7evrilmesini bir k\u00fcrekle ve bir tamburla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130bn el-Haytham’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131rk y\u0131l sonra Camera obscuraya geometrik ve kantitatif \u00f6zellikler ekleyen ilk ki\u015fi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

\u0130ngiliz filozof ve Fransisken rahibi Roger Bacon ve ayr\u0131ca Athanasius Kircher  \u201cArs Magna Lucis ve Umbrae\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 katmanl\u0131 bir Camera obscura \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Polonyal\u0131 ke\u015fi\u015f, ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131, fizik\u00e7i, matematik\u00e7i Erazmus Cio\u0142ek Witelo ve \u0130ngiliz ba\u015fpiskopos ve bilim adam\u0131 John Peckham (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1230 – 1292)\u2019da Camera obscura \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, Arnaldus de Villa Nova ise  \u201cCamera obscuray\u0131 e\u011flence i\u00e7in canl\u0131 performanslar\u0131 yans\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f ve bu sayede itibar kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z g\u00f6kbilimci Guillaume de Saint-Cloud 1292 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cAlmanach Planetarum\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesinin g\u00fcne\u015fe en uzak ve en yak\u0131n noktalar\u0131n\u0131n Camera obscura ile tespit edebilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z Yahudi filozofu, matematik\u00e7i, fizik\u00e7i ve astronom Levi ben Gershon (1288-1344) Camera obscura kullanarak astronomik g\u00f6zlemler yapt\u0131 ve g\u00fcne\u015fin d\u0131\u015f merkezlili\u011fini belirledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Camera obscura \u0130talyan bilge Leonardo da Vinci\u2019nin (1452\u20131519) \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 en ilgin\u00e7 optik icatlardan biriydi. Camera obscura ile insan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fi fark etti. \u201cEn k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck nesneyle bile hi\u00e7bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ters \u00e7evrilmeden g\u00f6ze girmiyor\u201d diye yazd\u0131. Da Vinci farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7im ve boylarda delik ve \u00e7oklu deliklerle (1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 24, 28 ve 32) deneyler yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Hollandal\u0131 matematik\u00e7i ve hekim Gemma Frisius’un 1545 tarihli \u201cDe Radio Astronomca et Geometrica\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Camera obscuran\u0131n bilinen en eski \u00e7izimini yay\u0131nland\u0131. Camera obscuray\u0131 4 Ocak g\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131 ve resmetti.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Magia Naturalis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1558\u2019de \u0130talyan bilge Giambattista Della Porta, Camera obscuraya “obscurum cubiculum” ad\u0131n\u0131 vererek \u201cMagia Naturalis\u201d <\/strong>adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 ismi ta\u015f\u0131yan ikinci kitab\u0131nda (1589)Camera obscuraya \u201cmerceksi kristal ekledi. Giambattista 1585\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitab\u0131 \u201cDiversarum Speculationum Mathematicarum\u201d \u2018da 45 derecelik bir ayna kullanarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc tersine \u00e7evirmeyi \u00f6nerdi. Bu daha sonraki camera obscuralarda ortak bir uygulama haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman matematik\u00e7i, g\u00f6kbilimci ve astrolog Johannes Kepler 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAd Vitellionem Paralipomena\u201d kitab\u0131nda ilk defa \u201ccamera obscura\u201d terimini kulland\u0131. Camera obscuran\u0131n <\/em>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ilkesini g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin g\u00f6z\u00fcn retinas\u0131na ters \u00e7evrildi\u011fini fark etti ve bunun bir \u015fekilde beyin taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczeltildi\u011fini buldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1612 ile 1630 aras\u0131 y\u0131llarda Christoph Scheiner yeni teleskopik yans\u0131tma sistemi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f lekeleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve yeni teleskopik g\u00fcne\u015f yans\u0131tma sistemleri kurmaya devam etti. Bunlar\u0131 “Heliotropii Telioscopici” olarak nitelendirdi. Scheiner g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme ve yans\u0131tma kalitesini artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in helioskopun etraf\u0131na bir kutu in\u015fa etti; bu, kutu tipi bir kameran\u0131n en eski bilinen s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Scheiner ayr\u0131ca ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bir camera obscura yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 Cizvit matematik\u00e7i, fizik\u00e7i ve mimar Fran\u00e7ois d’Aguilon, 1613 tarihli \u201cOpticorum Libri Sex\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u015farlatanlar\u0131n, karanl\u0131k bir odada ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyircileri, \u015feytan maskeli birinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bir mercek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla odaya yans\u0131tarak korkuttu\u011funu ve paralar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johannes Kepler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

1620’lerde Johannes Kepler, teleskoplu, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bir kameradan olu\u015fan bir \u00e7ad\u0131r kullan\u0131yordu. Hollandal\u0131 mucit Cornelis Drebbel’in yans\u0131t\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn tersini d\u00fczelten bir kutu tipi camera obscura in\u015fa etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Frans\u0131z matematik\u00e7i, Minim rahibi ve anamorfik sanat ressam\u0131 Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Nic\u00e9ron, d\u0131\u015fb\u00fckey merceklerle camera obscura hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131. Camera obscuran\u0131n ressamlar i\u00e7in ve perspektif elde etmek i\u00e7in nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131. Anla\u015f\u0131lan o ki o d\u00f6nemde \u015farlatanlar merceklerle zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f camera obscuray\u0131 insanlar\u0131 doland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Niceron\u2019da bu \u015farlatanlardan \u015fik\u00e2yet etmi\u015fti. Bu yaz\u0131lar, La Perspective Curieuse (1652)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u015eair Jean Loret\u2019e g\u00f6re camera obscura 1656\u2019da Fransa\u2019da \u015fov ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Paris toplumuna ba\u015f a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 saray g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, bale dans\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri izletiliyordu, tabii ki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler sessizdi. Loret\u2019in bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin nas\u0131l oldu\u011funu anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sinirlendi\u011fini \u015fu \u015fiirinden anl\u0131yoruz;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flamberges flashing in the air,<\/p>

I saw there slighly muted lamps <\/p>

Bodies as faint as shadows <\/p>

But what caused me some surprise <\/p>

Was that they had their feet above, <\/p>

And in all their walking. <\/p>

Dancing, battles, turns and postures, <\/p>

(No more than the stars of the night) <\/p>

They made no sound or noise <\/p>

Finally, seeing this Magic <\/p>

Take place with so much energy <\/p>

Indeed I made, several times, <\/p>

A number of signs of the Cross, <\/p>

As though believing [myself] to be at a disaster. <\/p>

But the cause of not being <\/p>

Gripped with a great astonishment, <\/p>

[Was] since Madame de Choizy, <\/p>

Who is known to have a Soul so beautiful, <\/p>

So noble and so spiritual, <\/p>

By this spectacle, upon my faith, <\/p>

Was just as surprised as I. <\/p>

The news which I present here <\/p>

Is not of great importance; <\/p>

But the account of it which I have given, <\/p>

Is due to the rarity of the event: <\/p>

This Magic is innocent, <\/p>

I know its excellent fineness: <\/p>

But though it pains me to be discreet, <\/p>

I did not learn its secret.<\/p>Jean Loret<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Kayan kutu kamera<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Alman bilim adam\u0131 Gaspar Schott,  kolunun alt\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131yabilece\u011fi ve bir paltonun alt\u0131na gizlenebildi\u011fi kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir camera obscura cihaz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir haber ald\u0131 ve ba\u015fka bir ah\u015fap kutu par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir tahta kutu par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 kayd\u0131rarak odaklanabilen kendi kayan kutu kameras\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

1659’da \u201csihirli fener\u201d  bir yans\u0131t\u0131m cihaz\u0131 olarak gizlenmemi\u015f ve k\u0131smen kameran\u0131n yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, camera obscura \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7izim yard\u0131m\u0131 olarak pop\u00fcler olmu\u015ftur. Sihirli fener (kutu tipi) Camera obscura cihaz\u0131n\u0131n bir geli\u015fme olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde camera obscura etkisini ziyaret\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6steren hem antik hem de modern yap\u0131lar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte baz\u0131lar\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Virupaksha Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hindistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Karnataka<\/a>\u2019da bir tap\u0131nak. UNESCO d\u00fcnya miras\u0131 listesinde olan Virupaksha tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bir duvarda tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki kulenin siluetini ters d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olarak g\u00f6rebilirsiniz. Hala ibadete a\u00e7\u0131k b\u00f6lgeyi her y\u0131l yar\u0131m milyondan fazla ki\u015fi ziyaret ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edinburgh’s Camera Obscura<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Edinburgh’s Camera Obscura ve World of Illusions<\/a>, Edinburgh Kalesi’ndeki meydan\u0131n alt ucundan sadece y\u00fcz metre kadar uzakta duran bir binada bulunuyor, ancak hak etti\u011finden \u00e7ok daha az bilinen bir \u015fey oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcpheleniyoruz. \u0130\u00e7eri girenler, aralar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki herhangi biri taraf\u0131ndan “ziyaret edilmesi gereken” olarak kabul edilmelerini sa\u011flayan bir dizi ilgi \u00e7ekici mekan buluyorlar: ve kaleye yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgede hi\u00e7 kimse s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Tavira Tower<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Cadiz, g\u00f6zetleme kuleleriyle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bilinen \u0130spanya\u2019da bir \u015fehirdir. Tavira Kulesi<\/a>, \u015fehir merkezinde ve ayn\u0131 zamanda deniz seviyesinden 45 metre y\u00fckseklikte yer alan \u015fehirdeki en y\u00fcksek nokta olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Cadiz’in resmi g\u00f6zetleme kulesidir. Tavira kulesi ve  teleskopu Amerika’dan gelen mallarla dolu gemileri g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarihte ilk kez Alman matematik\u00e7i ve astronom Johannes Kepler taraf\u0131ndan 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terim \u201cCamera Obscura\u201d foto\u011fraf ve kameran\u0131n icad\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bulu\u015flardan biridir. Latincede karanl\u0131k oda anlam\u0131na gelen Camera obscura bir kutu ve onun bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir delikten olu\u015fur. Delikten ge\u00e7en \u0131\u015f\u0131k kutunun i\u00e7erisindeki y\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015fer ve yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n perspektifini ve renklerini oldu\u011fu … <\/p>\n

“Camera Obscura”<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3209,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[26,27,28],"class_list":["post-340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-camera-obscura","tag-fotograf","tag-fotograf-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\nCamera Obscura - Mustafa Sevdim<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mustafasevdim.com\/index.php\/camera-obscura\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Camera Obscura - Mustafa Sevdim\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tarihte ilk kez Alman matematik\u00e7i ve astronom Johannes Kepler taraf\u0131ndan 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan terim \u201cCamera Obscura\u201d foto\u011fraf ve kameran\u0131n icad\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bulu\u015flardan biridir. Latincede karanl\u0131k oda anlam\u0131na gelen Camera obscura bir kutu ve onun bir y\u00fcz\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir delikten olu\u015fur. 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